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Konstantinos Sierros
Functional Engineered Systems & Three-Dimensional Printing
Statler College
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Publications

Bold Typeface Signifies Undergraduate Student Researcher. For a citation count, see  Dr. Sierros' Google Scholar page.

Journal (in print)

  • B. Leonard, K. P. S. Piash, P. Perez-Vega, K. A. Sierros, O. Sanyal, “Incorporation of Rheological Analyses into Manufacturing of Direct Written Membranes” Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 49, 101168 (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101168
  • H. E. Aysal, E. M. Sosa, R. K. Gupta, B. Paul, C. -H. Chang, K. A. Sierros, “Binder Rheology and Printability in Direct Ink Writing: A Framework for Hierarchically Porous Structures” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 344, 119033 (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119033
  • E. Demirkal, D. Banerjee, R. Barto, K. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, E. M. Sabolsky, “3D Printing by Direct Ink Writing (DIW) of UV-Curable Elastomers with Embedded Sensors for Soft-Robotic and Flexible Electronic Applications” Flexible and Printed Electronics 10 (3), 035001 (2025). DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ade5b8
  • D. W. Mohammed, R. B. Ameen, J. Bowen, K. A. Sierros, S. N. Kukureka, “Durability of ITO/Ag-alloy/ITO Films on PET Substrate Under Extended Bending Stress at Various Temperatures and Humidity Conditions” Advances in Materials Science 25 (2), 36-51 (2025). DOI: 10.2478/adms-2025-0009
  • J. A. Mena, K. Sabolsky, A. A. Abrahamian, K. A. Sierros, E. M. Sabolsky, “Thermoelectric Properties and Stability Characterization of Doped LaCrO3/Al2O3 Composites for High-Temperature Thermocouples” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 389, 116569 (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116569
  • E. M. Sabolsky, J. A. Mena, V. Mendoza-Estrada, R. Gonzalez-Hernandez, K. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, “Doping Effects on Multivalence States, Electronic Structure, and Optical Bandgap in LaCrO3 under Varied Atmospheres: An Integrated Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study” ACS Applied Electronic Materials 7 (6), 2515-2528 (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.4c02359
  • M. A. Shaw, M. Poncelet, D. A. Banerjee, K. A. Sierros, B. Driesschaert, “Evaluation of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Carriers of Triarylmethyl Radical Spin Probes for EPR Oximetry” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 129 (6), 1846-1854 (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c06480
  • V. V. K. Doddapaneni, C. Song, N. Cheng, I. Camp, J. A. Dhas, A. Chang, C. Pan, B. K. Paul, S. Pasebani, Z. Feng, K. A. Sierros, C.-H. Chang, “Beyond Solution-based Printing: Unveiling Innovations and Advancements in Solvent free Printing Technologies” Advanced Functional Materials 2423498 (2025) (Invited Perspective). DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202423498
  • J. A. Mena, V. Mendoza-Estrada, E. M. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, K. Sabolsky, R. Gonzalez-Hernandez, K. Sivaneri V. I., “Exploring the Impact of Multivalent Substitution on High-Temperature Electrical Conductivity in Doped Lanthanum Chromite Perovskites: An Experimental and Ab-initio Study” Journal of the European Ceramic Society 44 (12), 7040-7058 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2024.04.062
  • X. Chen, P. Gao, W. Li, N. A. Thieu, Z. M. Grady, N. G. Akhmedov, K. A. Sierros, M. Velayutham, V. V. Khramtsov, D. M. Reed, X. Li, X. Liu, “Stabilizing Zn Anodes by Molecular Interface Engineering with Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer” ACS Energy Letters 9 (4), 1654-1665 (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c02824
  • H. Loh, S. Gyawali, K. A. Sierros, A. D. Bristow, “Morphology-dependent Terahertz Electrical Conductivity of Liquid-exfoliated Graphite” Optical Materials Express 14 (2), 505-518 (2024). DOI: 10.1364/OME.513658
  • B. Leonard, H. A. Loh, D. Lu, E. Ogbuoji, I. C. Escobar, K. A. Sierros, O. Sanyal, “Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Polysulfone Membranes for Liquid Separations” Journal of Physics: Energy 6, 015021 (2024). DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad1ccc
  • G. J. Cordonier, K. Anderson, R. Butts, R. O’ Hara, R. Garneau, N. Wimer, J. Kuhlman, K. A. Sierros, “Direct Writing of a Titania Foam in Microgravity for Photocatalytic Applications” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 15 (40), 47745-47753 (2023). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09658
  • G. J. Cordonier, K. P. S. Piash, R. Erwin, M. Ferrebee, O. Sanyal, K. A. Sierros, “Unconventional Direct Ink Writing of Polyelectrolyte Films” MRS Bulletin 48, 720 (2023) (invited article). DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00461-9
  • V. V. K. Doddapaneni, K. Lee, H. E. Aysal, B. K. Paul, S. Pasebani, K. A. Sierros, C. E. Okwudire, C. -H. Chang, “A Review on Progress, Challenges, and Prospects of Material Jetting of Copper and Tungsten” Nanomaterials 13 (16), 2303 (2023). DOI: 10.3390/nano13162303
  • D. Cipollone, J. A. Mena, K. Sabolsky, E. M. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, "Coaxial Ceramic Direct Ink Writing on Heterogeneous and Rough Surfaces: Investigation of Core-Shell interactions” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 14, 24897-24907 (2022). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03250
  • C. Marchi, H. A. Loh, F. Lissandrello, A. Lucotti, K. A. Sierros, L. Magagnin, ‘’Biocompatible Rapid Few-Layers-Graphene Synthesis in Aqueous Lignin Solutions” Carbon Trends 7, 100169 (2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100169
  • K. V. I. Sivaneri, J. A. Caswell, P. D. Pozo, K. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, D. S. Reynolds, E. M. Sabolsky, “All-ceramic Passive Wireless Temperature Sensor Realized by Tin-doped Indium Oxide (ITO) Electrodes for Harsh Environment Applications” Sensors 22, 2165 (2022). DOI: 10.3390/s22062165
  • G. Cordonier, C. Sarafati, S. Mays, L. Thackery, E. Gemmen, S. Cyphert, M. Brown, J. Napollilo, S. Toney, H. Moore, J. Kuhlman, and K. A. Sierros, “Direct Foam Writing in Microgravity” NPJ Microgravity 7, 1-5 (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00185-1
  • H. Loh, C. Marchi, L. Magagnin, K. A. Sierros "Graphene Flake Self-Assembly Enhancement via Stretchable Platforms and External Mechanical Stimuli" ACS Omega 6, 30607-30617 (2021). DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04368
  • Q. Liu, J. Chapman, A. Huang, K. C. Williams, A. Wagner, N. Garapati, K. A. Sierros, C. Z. Dinu “User-tailored metal organic frameworks as supports for carbonic anhydrase” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 10, 41236-41337 (2018). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14125
  • D. R. Cairns, R. Curtis, K. A. Sierros, J. J. Bolyard “Taking professional development from 2D to 3D: Design-based learning, 2D modelling, and 3D fabrication for authentic standards-aligned lesson plans” Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning 12, 15pp (2018). https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1759
  • M. A. Torres Arango, N. J. Morris, K. A. Sierros “Direct writing and controlling of hierarchical functional metal-oxides: Bio-inspired multiphase processing, 3D printing and hierarchical cellular structuring” (Invited Article) Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) 70, 1823-1829 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-3002-1
  • T. A. Stueckle, D. C. Davidson, R. Derk, T. G. Kornberg, L. Battelli, S. Friend, M. Orandle, A. Wagner, C. Z. Dinu,  K. A. Sierros, S. Agarwal, R. K. Gupta, Y. Rojanasakul, D. W. Porter, L. Rojanasakul “Short-term pulmonary toxicity assessment of pre- and post-incinerated organomodified nanoclay in mice” ACS Nano 12, 2292-2310 (2018). DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07281
  • D. W. Mohammed, R. B. Ameen, K. A. Sierros, J. Bowen, S. N. Kukureka, “Twisting fatigue in multilayer films of Ag-alloy with indium tin oxide on polyethylene terephthalate for flexible electronics devices”, Thin Solid Films 645, 241-252 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2017.10.047
  • M. A. Torres Arango, D. Kwakye-Ackah, S. Agarwal, R. K. Gupta, K. A. Sierros. "Environment Friendly Engineering and 3D Printing of TiO2 Hierarchical Mesoporous Cellular Architectures" ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering (2017). DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02450
  • M. A. Torres Arango, O. A. Abidakun, D. Korakakis, K. A. Sierros, "Tuning the Crystalline Microstructure of Al-Doped ZnO Using Direct Ink Writing" Flexible and Printed Electronics (2017). DOI: 10.1088/2058-­8585/aa8801
  • A. Wagner, A. White, T. A. Stueckle, D. Banerjee, K. A. Sierros, Y. Rojanasakul, S. Agarwal, R. K. Gupta, C. Z. Dinu. "Early Assessment and Correlations of Nanoclay's Toxicity to their Physical and Chemical Properties" ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces (2017). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06657 
  • Z. Wang, K. A. SIerros, M. S. Seehra, D. Korakakis. "Development of Indigo-based Nonvolatile Write-Once-Read-Many-Times Memory Device" Materials Letters (2017). 206:128-131.
  • M. A. Torres Arango, D. T. Cipollone, L. O. Grant, D. Korakakis, K. A. Sierros, "Continuous-flow Direct Writing of Hybrid TiO2 Flexible Photo-electrodes: Processing, Microstructure and Functionality Interrelations" MRS Advances (2017). 2:1021-2018  
  • A. Wagner, R. Eldawud, A. White, S. Agarwal, T. A. Stueckle, K. A. Sierros, Y. Rojanasakul, R. K. Gupta, C. Z. Dinu, "Toxicity evaluations of nanoclays and thermall degraded byproducts through spectroscopial and microscopial approaches" Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (2016).  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.003
  • M.A. Torres Arango,  A.S. Valenca de Andrade,  D.T. Cipollone,  L.O. Grant, D. Korakakis, K.A. Sierros, "Robotic deposition of TiO2 films on flexible substrates: Investigation of synthesis - processing - microstructure - photocatalytic relationships" ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2016). DOI: 10.1221/acsami.6b05535.
  • K. A. Sierros, Sai Suvineeth Ramayanam, C. D. Stinespring, "Nanotribological properties of few layer graphene surfaces, prepared by bottom-up and top-down methods, in ambient air and liquid environments" Journal of Materials Research (2016). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.86
  • D. W. Mohammed, R. Waddingham, A. J. Flewitt, K. A. Sierros, J. Bowen, S. N. Kukureka, "Mechanical properties of amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin films on compliant substrates for flexible optoelectronic devices", Thin Solid Films (2015) doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2015.09.052
  • D. A. Banerjee, K. A. Sierros, "Direct writing of hydrophobic sol-gel patterns", Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 1804 (2015) doi:10.1557/opl.2015.520
  • M. A. T. Arango,  A. M. Cokeley,  J. J. Beard, K. A. Sierros, "Direct writing and electro-mechanical characterization of Ag micro-patterns on polymer substrates for flexible electronics" Thin Solid Films (2015),  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.07.064
  • D. A. Banerjee, A. J. Kessman, D. R. Cairns, K. A. Sierros, "Tribology of Silica Nanoparticle-reinforced, Hydrophobic Sol-Gel Composite Coatings" Surface and Coatings Technology 260, 214-219 (2014)
  • G. Kiriakidis, I. Kortidis, S. Cronin, N. J. Morris, D. R. Cairns, K. A. Sierros, "Tribological investigation of piezoelectric ZnO films for rolling contact based energy harvesting and sensing applications" Thin Solid Films 555, 68-75 (2014)
  • S. D. Cronin, K. Sabolsky, E. M. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, "Dip pen nanolithography and transfer of ZnO patterns on plastics for large-area flexible optoelectronic applications" Thin Solid Films 552, 50-55 (2014)
  • T. S. Bejitual, N. J. Morris, S. D. Cronin, D. R. Cairns, K. A. Sierros, "Mechano-chemical degradation of flexible electrodes for optoelectronic device applications" Thin Solid Films (2013). doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2013.09.044
  • T. S. Bejitual, N. J. Morris, D. R. Cairns, K. A. Sierros, "Controlled buckling behavior of patterned oxide structures on compliant substrates for flexible electronics" Thin Solid Films (2013). doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2013.05.173
  • G. A. Potoczny, T. S. Bejitual, J. S. Abell, K .A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, S. N. Kukureka, "Flexibility and electrical stability of polyester-based device electrodes under monotonic and cyclic buckling conditions" Thin Solid Films, 528, 205-212 (2012)
  • T. S. Bejitual,  D. Compton, K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, S. N. Kukureka, "Electromechanical reliability of flexible transparent electrodes during and after exposure to acrylic acid" Thin Solid Films, 528, 229-236 (2012)
  • A. J. Kessman, E. E. DeFusco,  A. W. Hoover, K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, "Structural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Fluorinated Mesoporous Silica Films: Effect of Functional Moiety and Surfactant Template Concentrations", Thin Solid Films, 520, 3896-3903 (2012)
  • T. S. Bejitual, K. Ramji, A. J. Kessman, K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, "Corrosion of an Amorphous Indium Tin Oxide Film on Polyethylene Terephthalate at Low Concentrations of Acrylic Acid", Materials Chemistry and Physics, 132, 395-401 (2012)
  • A. J. Kessman, E. E. DeFusco,  A. W. Hoover, K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, "Sustained Protection for Transparent Electrodes in Touch Panels and Smart Windows: Template Assisted Encapsulation of Fluorinated Silanes in Sol-Gel Silica Films for Sustained Hydrophobic-Oleophobic Functionality", Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1400, S05-03 (2012)
  • K. A. Sierros, A. J. Kessman, R. Nair, N. X. Randall, D. R. Cairns, "Spherical Indentation and Scratch Durability of Studies of Transparent Conducting Layers on Polymer Substrates", Thin Solid Films, 520, 424-429 (2011)
  • K. A. Sierros,  S. Cronin, T. S. Bejitual, A. J. Kessman, S. N. Kukureka, D. R. Cairns, "Tribocorrosion of Ag and Ag-Alloy ITO Multilayers used in Solar Energy Applications" , Wear, 271, 1438-1441 (2011)
  • D. S. Hecht, K. A. Sierros, R. S. Lee, C. Ladous, C. Niu, D. A. Banerjee, D. R. Cairns, "Transparent Conductive Carbon Nanotube Films Directly Coated on Flexible and Rigid Polycarbonate", Journal of The Society of Information Display, 19, 157-162 (2011)
  • K. A. Sierros,  D. A. Banerjee, N. J. Morris, D. R. Cairns, I. Kortidis, G. Kiriakidis, "Mechanical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited on Polyester Substrates used in Flexible Device Applications", Thin Solid Films, 519, 325-330 (2010)
  • K. A. Sierros, D. S. Hecht,  D. A. Banerjee, N. J. Morris, L. Hu, G. Irvin, R. S. Lee, D. R. Cairns, "Durable Transparent Carbon Nanotube Films for Flexible Device Components", Thin Solid Films, 518, 6977-6983 (2010)
  • D. R. Cairns, M. S. Shafran, K. A. Sierros, W. W. Huebsch, A. J. Kessman, "Stimulus Responsive Fluidic Dispersions of Rod Shaped Liquid Crystal Colloids", Materials Letters, 64, 1133-1136 (2010)
  • K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, J. S. Abell, S. N. Kukureka, "Pulsed laser deposition of ITO films on Flexible PENS substrates at Room Temperature", Thin Solid Films, 518, 2623-2627 (2010)
  • K. A. Sierros, S. N. Kukureka, "Mechanical Integrity of Touch Screen Components", Journal of The Society of Information Display, 17, 947-952 (2009)
  • K. A. Sierros,  N. J. Morris, S. N. Kukureka, D. R. Cairns, "Dry and Wet Sliding Wear of ITO Coated PET Components used in Flexible Optoelectronic Applications", Wear, 267, 625-631 (2009)
  • K. A. Sierros,  N. J. Morris, K. Ramji, D. R. Cairns, "Stress Corrosion Cracking of ITO Coated PET for Flexible Optoelectronic Devices", Thin Solid Films, 517, 2590-2595 (2009)
  • M. Shafran, K. A. Sierros, W. W. Huebsch, D. R. Cairns, "Electrically Switchable Liquid Crystal Polymer Rod Actuators" Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1096, FF03-07 (2008)
  • K. A. Sierros,  N. J. Morris, J. S. Abell, D. R. Cairns, S. N. Kukureka, "Mechanical Integrity of Hybrid Components used in Flexible Optoelectronic Devices", Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1075, J04-04 (2008)
  • K. A. Sierros, S. N. Kukureka, "Tribological Investigation of Thin Polyester Substrates for Displays", Wear, 263, 992-999 (2007)

Books/Book Chapters

  • H. Loh, K. A. Sierros, “Additive Manufacturing of Graphene-based Sensors for Environmental Applications” pp. 433-469 Chapter 15 in Handbook of Water Sensors, Edited by Junhong Chen and Matthew Tirell, World Scientific, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811245770_0015
  • K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, “Direct Ink Writing of Touch Sensors and Displays: Current developments and future perspectives” pp. 337-350 Chapter 18 in Flexible Flat Panel Displays 2nd Ed., Edited by D. R. Cairns, D. J. Broer, G. P. Crawford, John Wiley, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118751077.ch18
  • N. Winch, D. R. Cairns, K. A. Sierros, “Flexible Battery Fundamentals” pp. 255-270 Chapter 13 in Flexible Flat Panel Displays 2nd Ed., Edited by D. R. Cairns, D. J. Broer, G. P. Crawford, John Wiley, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118751077.ch18
  • K. A. Sierros, S. N. Kukureka, "Tribological Aspects of Polymer-Based Flexible Electronic Materials: From Manufacturing to End-Use Applications" Chapter 22 in The Handbook of Polymer Tribology, pp. 743-758, Edited by Sujeet Kumar Sinha, World Scientific, June 2018, ISBN: 978-981-3227-78-1

Patents

  • B. Leonard, H. Loh, K. A. Sierros, O. Sanyal, “Methods to Fabricate Membranes using Additive Manufacturing” WO2025075494A1, Oct. 2025
  • M. A. T. Arango, K. A. Sierros, “Hierarchical Cellular Mesoporous MetalOxide Composites” US Patent App. 16/432,306 
  • D. R. Cairns, W. W. Huebsch, K. A. Sierros, M. S. Shafran, “Stimulus Responsive Nanoparticles” US Patent No. 9,658,251, May 2017  
  • D. R. Cairns, W. W. Huebsch, K. A. Sierros, M. S. Shafran, "Stimulus Responsive Nanoparticles" US Patent No. 9035644 B2, May 2015
  • D. R. Cairns, W. W. Huebsch, K. A. Sierros, M. S. Shafran, "Stimulus Responsive Nanoparticles" US Patent No. 8,362,760 Jan 2013

Conference

  • H. Loh, A. Bristow, K. A. Sierros, “Probing intra- and inter-flakecontributions to reduced electrical properties in percolated flake networks”TMS 2025 March 23-27, 2025, Las Vegas, NV 
  • V. Doddapaneni, C. Song, N. Cheng, I. Camp, J. Dhas, A. Chang, C. Pan,B. Paul, S. Pasebani, Z. Feng, K. A. Sierros, C.H. Chang, “Beyond solutionbased printing: Unveiling innovations and advancements in solvent-freeprinting technologies” TMS 2025 March 23-27, 2025, Las Vegas, NV 
  • K. Tennant, A. Harper, N. Osborne, K. A. Sierros, T. Wuest, E. Sabolsky,W. Huebsch, C. Griffin, “Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Compositesfor Aerospace Applications Using Advanced Manufacturing Techniques”MS&T 25, September 28-October 1, 2025, Columbus, OH 
  • E. Demirkal, K. A. Sierros, D. Banerjee, J. Herter, C. Wasielewski*, K.Sabolsky, E. M. Sabolsky, “Fabrication of Soft Robotic Sensors and Actuatorsvia Direct Ink Writing of Dual-Curable Elastomers” MS&T 25, September 28-October 1, 2025, Columbus, OH 
  • H. Loh, K. A. Sierros, A. D. Bristow, “Electrical Conduction of LiquidExfoliated Nanographite Flakes as Components for Functional Inks” CLEO2024 Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2024), paper JTu2A.54 
  • H. Loh, S. Gyawali, K. A. Sierros, A. D. Bristow, “Electrical Conductivitymorphology relationships of liquid-exfoliated graphite” Proceeding Vol. 12884,Ultrafast Phenomena and Nanophotonics XXVII; 128840B, 2024, SPIE OPTO,San Francisco, CA 
  • B. Leonard, H. Loh, K. A. Sierros, O. Sanyal, “Developing Direct InkWriting as a New Manufacturing Strategy for Polysulfone Membranes” 2023AIChE Annual Meeting, Nov. 5th – 10th, 2023, Orlando FL
  • KPS Piash, G.J. Cordonier, K. A. Sierros, O. Sanyal, “Unconventional DirectInk Writing for Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films” 2023 AIChE Annual Meeting,Nov. 5th – 10th, 2023, Orlando FL 
  • H. E. Aysal, B. Paul, C. -H. Chang, K. A. Sierros, “ControllingMicrostructures and Modulus in Direct Ink Writing of Stainless Steel forBiomedical Applications” MRS Fall 2023, Nov. 27, 2023, Boston, MA SF01.03.30 
  • J. Mena, E. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, K. Sabolsky, R. Barto, N. Voorstad,“Doped Lanthanum Chromite-refractory Based Composites Sensors for HighTemperature Monitoring in Harsh Environments Systems” MS&T 23, October1-4, 2023, Columbus, OH 
  • E. Demirkal, K.A. Sierros, D. Banerjee, J. Burke, R. Barto, K. Sabolsky, E.Sabolsky, “3D Printing of Silicone-based Flexible Materials with EmbeddedSensors for Soft Robotic Actuator Applications” MS&T 23, October 1-4, 2023,Columbus, OH 
  • N. Winch, J. Mena, M. Raughley, K. Sabolsky, E. Sabolsky, K.A. Sierros,“Direct Ink Writing of Semiconductive Oxide-based Sensors for Hightemperature Applications” MS&T 23, October 1-4, 2023, Columbus, OH 
  • E. Demirkal, K. A. Sierros, D. Banerjee, J. Burke, K. Sabolsky, E. Sabolsky,“Development of 3D Printable Highly Flexible Siloxane Elastomers for DirectInk Writing (DIW) of Soft Robotic Actuators for Space Applications” ECSMeeting Abstracts, MA2023-01, 2723 
  • J. Mena, K. Sabolsky, N. Winch, R. Barto, N. Voorstad, K. A. Sierros, E.Sabolsky, “Oxide Semiconductor Sensors for Monitoring Advanced EnergyConversion and Manufacturing Processes at High Temperature” XVII ECerS,Conference and Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society, 2-6 July, 2023,Lyon, France 
  • H. E. Aysal, K. A. Sierros, B. Paul, C. -H. Chang, “MechanicalCharacterization of Oxide Dispersed Stainless Steels via Direct Ink Writing”TMS 2022, February 28, 2022, Anaheim CA 
  • N. Winch, H. Loh, D. Cipollone, S. Suri, H. E. Aysal, D. Banerjee, K. A.Sierros, “Utilizing Direct Ink Writing to Create Applications-specific Flexibleand Stretchable Solid-state Lithium Battery Arrays” TMS 2022, February 28,2022, Anaheim CA 
  • J. Burke, D. Banerjee, D. Cipollone, H. Mei, C. -H. Chang, E. M. Sabolsky, K.A. Sierros, “Coaxial Core-Shell Direct Ink Writing of Conductive ElastomericFibers” TMS 2022, February 28, 2022, Anaheim CA 
  • A. Kakar, D. Banerjee, E. M. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, “ControlledEmbedding of Multidimensional Flexible Sensors using Direct Ink Writing”TMS 2022, February 28, 2022, Anaheim CA 
  • S. Suri, K. A. Sierros, “3D printing of Nanostructures usingElectrohydrodynamic Jet Printing for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering(SERS) based Optical sensor” TMS 2022, February 28, 2022, Anaheim CA 
  • G. J. Cordonier, KMP S. Piash, O. Sanyal, K. A. Sierros, “UnconventionalLow-viscosity Direct Ink Writing: Surface-force Driven Deposition ofPolyelectrolyte-based Membranes” TMS 2022, March 1, 2022, Anaheim CA 
  • H. Loh, K. A. Sierros, “Electrohydrodynamic Printing as an Enabler forHigh Resolution Deposition: Direct and Hybrid Printing Strategies” TMS 2022,March 1, 2022, Anaheim CA 
  • C. Marchi, H. Loh, F. Lissandrello, K. A. Sierros, L. Magagnin, « RapidExfoliation of Low-defectivity Graphene in Alkali Lignin Aqueous Media”TMS 2022, March 14, 2022, Anaheim CA 
  • B. Leonard, H. Loh, O. Sanyal, K. A. Sierros, “Developing Porous PolymerMembranes via Direct Ink Writing: A Polysulfone-based Case Study” ACSSpring 2022, March 21, 2022, San Diego CA 
  • KMP S. Piash, G. J. Cordonier, O. Sanyal, K. A. Sierros, “PrintingPolyelectrolytes Layer-by-Layer: An Unconventional Surface Force-drivenDirect Ink Writing” ACS Spring 2022, March 21, 2022, San Diego CA 
  • H. E. Aysal, B. Paul, C.-H. Chang, K. A. Sierros, “MechanicalCharacterization of Strengthened Stainless Steel Alloys Fabricated via DirectInk Writing” ACS Spring 2022, March 22, 2022, San Diego CA 
  • G. J. Cordonier, K. Casto*, R. O’Hara*, S. Toney*, K. Anderson*, L. England*,M. Brown*, H. Moore*, E. Gemmen*, J. Q. Napolillo*, S. Cyphert*, M. Howley*,M. Licata*, J. M. Kuhlman, K. A. Sierros, “Direct Writing and Spraying ofTitanium Dioxide Foams in Microgravity” ISS R&D 2022, July 26, 2022,Washington DC 
  • J. Mena, K. Sabolsky, A. Abrahamian, D. Cipollone, K. A. Sierros, E. M.Sabolsky, V. Mendoza-Estrada, “High Temperature Thick Film SensorDevelopment based on Doped Lanthanum Chromites RefractorySemiconductors Materials” ICMSN 2022, July 1,2022, London, UK 
  • A. Kakar, D. Banerjee, E. M. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, “Direct Ink Writing ofMulti-layered Sensors Embedded using 3D Printing for Soft Robotics” MS&T22, Oct. 11, 2022, Pittsburgh, PA 
  • J. Mena, E. M. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, K. Sabolsky, D. Cipollone, V.Mendoza, A. Abrahamian, “High Temperature Thick Film SensorDevelopment based on Doped Lanthanum Chromites RefractorySemiconductors Materials” MS&T 22, Oct. 12, 2022, Pittsburgh, PA 
  • A. Kakar, E. M. Sabolsky, D. Banerjee, and K. A. Sierros, “FailureMechanisms of Embedded Flexible Strain Sensors for Soft Robotics” MRS FallMeeting 2021 (virtual) Dec. 6-8, 2021 
  • H. Loh, A. D. Bristow, and K. A. Sierros, “Probing Carrier Dynamics inLiquid Phase Exfoliated Graphite/Graphene via THz Spectroscopy” MRS FallMeeting 2021 (virtual) Dec. 6-8, 2021 
  • A. Kakar, D. Banerjee, E. Sabolsky, and K. A. Sierros, “Direct Writing ofEmbedded Flexible Sensors for Strain and Temperature Monitoring forStretchable Applications” MS&T 21, Oct. 17-20, 2021, Columbus, OH 
  • K. Sivaneri, M. Barre, Z. Lynch, E. Ciftyurek, K. Sabolsky, E. Sabolsky, K. A.Sierros, and D. Reynolds, “Evaluation of High Temperature Planar PassiveWireless Sensor Fabricated by Stereolithography Process” MS&T 21, Oct. 17-20, 2021, Columbus, OH 
  • J. Mena, E. Sabolsky, K. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, and K. Sivaneri, “Electrical,Microstructural and Thermomechanical Properties of Doped LaCro3 Ceramicsfor High Temperature Electronics and Sensing Applications” MS&T 21, Oct.17-20, 2021, Columbus, OH 
  • Z. Yang, J. Mena, J. Conte, B. Jordan, K. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, and E.Sabolsky, “Characterization and High Temperature Electrical Properties ofBrazed Joints of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 with Nickel and Nickel Alloys” MS&T 21, Oct.17-20, 2021, Columbus, OH 
  • D. Cipollone, J. Mena, K. A. Sierros, and E. Sabolsky, “Out of the Lab: 3DPrinting on Non-ideal Surfaces” MS&T 21, Oct. 17-20, 2021, Columbus, OH 
  • K. Sivaneri V. I., D. T. Cipollone, K. Sabolsky, E. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros,and D. Reynolds, “Additive Manufacturing of Miniaturized RFID Tag usingElectroceramic Materials for High Temperature Wireless Sensing Applications”MS&T 20 (virtual), Nov. 2-6, 2020 
  • J. Mena, K. Sivaneri V. I., G. Yakaboylu, E. Sabolsky, K. Sabolsky, and K. A.Sierros, “Evaluation of Doped-LaCrO3 Ceramics for High Temperature SensorApplications” MS&T 20 (virtual), Nov. 2-6, 2020 
  • K. Sivaneri V. I., G. Yakaboylu, P. D. Pozo, M. Thomas, R. Vozar, K.Sabolsky, E. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, and D. Reynolds, “Evaluation ofElectroceramic-based LC Resonator for Monitoring High Temperature Systems”MS&T 20 (virtual), Nov. 2-6, 2020 
  • H. A. Loh, and K. A. Sierros, “Controlled Modulation of Gas Sensing inPrinted Graphene: Nanoparticle Nucleation and Defect Engineering inExfoliated Graphene Flakes” TMS 2020, Feb. 23-27, 2020, San Diego, CA 
  • N. P. Winch, D. T. Cipollone, H. Yang, F. Yang, K. A. Sierros, and N. Q. Wu,“3D Printed Electrodes for Solid-state Lithium Batteries” ECS MeetingAbstracts, 2, 2020, p. 344 
  • A. Wagner, A. White, M. Tang, S. Agarwal, T. Stueckle, Y. Rojanasakul, R.Gupta, K. A. Sierros, C. Z. Dinu, “Toxicity Evaluations of Nanoclay SystemsThrough their Life Cycle” Tech Connect World Innovation Conference, Boston,MA, June 17-19, 2019 
  • K. Sivaneri, L. Redinger, K. Sabolsky, E. M. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, H.Palakurthi, D. S. Reynolds, “Electroceramic-based Passive Wireless Sensors forMonitoring High Temperature Systems” MS&T 2019, Portland, OR, Sep 29-Oct3, 2019 
  • K. Sivaneri, E. M. Sabolsky, K. Sabolsky, L. Redinger, H. Palakurthi, D. S. Reynolds, K. A. Sierros, “Embedded Ceramic-based Passive Wireless Sensors for Harsh-Environment Applications” 235th ECS Meeting, Dallas, TX , May 26-30, 2019 
  • H. A. Loh, A. R. Graves, C. D. Stinespring, K. A. Sierros, “Advances in 2D Material Processing and Application: A Direct Ink Writing Approach Employing Graphene-Based Inks for Facile Gas Sensor Patterning and Fabrication” TMS 2019, San Antonio, TX, March 10-14, 2019 
  • G. J. Cordonier, J. Bright, N. Q. Wu, K. A. Sierros, “Surface Force-driven Direct Ink Writing of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films for Photovoltaics” TMS 2019, San Antonio, TX, March 10-14, 2019 
  • M. A. Torres, K. A. Sierros, “Ink Design for Continuous Direct Writing: Controlling Complex Metal-Oxide Mesostructures” TMS 2019, San Antonio, TX, March 10-14, 2019 (invited oral) 
  • C. -H. Chang, R. Malhotra, K. A. Sierros, “Develop Solution-based, Directprinting Processes of Inorganic Semiconductors for Electronics and Energy Applications” TMS 2019, San Antonio, TX, March 10-14, 2019 (invited oral)
  • M. A. Torres Arango, D. T. Cipollone, K. A. Sierros, “Multifunctional foam synthesis: Paradigm shift towards next generation 3D printable composites” MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, Ma, November 25-30, 2018
  • K. Sabolsky, G. A. Yakaboylu, K. Sivaneri, B. Buzzo, M. Comparetto, D. S. Reynolds, K. A. Sierros, E. M. Sabolsky, J. Bogan, M. Raughley, “Temperature and spallation sensors based on oxide and oxide/silicide composites for high-temperature system monitoring” 233rd ECS Meeting, Seattle, WA, May 13-17, 2018
  • K. Sivaneri, K. Sabolsky, E. M. Sabolsky, H. Palakurthi, D. S. Reynolds, K. A. Sierros, “Thick film electroceramic composites for harsh-environment sensor applications” MS&T 2018, Columbus, OH, October 14-18, 2018
  • C. -H. Chang, A. Chang, Y. He, M. A. Torres Arango, R. Malhotra, K. A. Sierros, Z. Feng, M. Wang, Y. Ren, “Fabrication and characterization of colored nanoporous sol-gel glasses” IMECE 2018, Pittsburgh, Pa, November 9-15, 2018
  • K. Sabolsky, G. A. Yakaboylu, K. A. Sierros, E. M. Sabolsky, M. R. Comparetto, D. S. Reynolds, J. Bogan, M. Raughley, J. Sayre, “High-temperature ceramic sensors for assessing refractory and component conditions” 14th International Ceramics Congress, Perugia, Italy, June 4-14, 2018
  • C. –H. Chang, Y. He, A. Chang, M. A. Torres Arango, R. Malhotra, K. A. Sierros, “Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructured Materials using Microreactor – Assisted Chemical Process” Glass and Optical Materials Division (GOMD) Meeting, The American Ceramics Society, San Antonio, TX, May 20-24, 2018 – Invited Oral
  • A. Chang, Y. He, M. A. Torres Arango, R. Malhotra, C. –H. Chang, K. A. Sierros, “Novel Approaches towards Creating Colored Nanoporous Sol-Gel Glasses” Glass and Optical Materials Division (GOMD) Meeting, The American Ceramics Society, San Antonio, TX, May 20-24, 2018
  • G. Cordonier, N. Strogen, M. A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, “Surface Force-Driven Direct Ink Writing of titanium Dioxide for Porous Micro to Nanoscale Film Fabrication” Symposium MAO4: Advances in Additive Manufacturing – Materials Processes, Devices, MRS Spring Meeting, 2018, Phoenix, Az
  • D. Cipollone, M. A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, “Direct Ink Writing of Nature Inspired Hierarchical Metal-Oxide Hydrocolloids” Symposium MAO4: Advances in Additive Manufacturing – Materials Processes, Devices, MRS Spring Meeting, 2018, Phoenix, Az
  • M. A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, “Pushing the Boundaries of Metal-Oxide Materials Microstructuring through Additive Manufacturing” Symposium MAO4: Advances in Additive Manufacturing – Materials Processes, Devices, MRS Spring Meeting, 2018, Phoenix, Az
  • M. A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, “Bio-inspired multiphase processing, 3D printing and hierachical structuring of metal-oxide cellular frameworks” MRS Fall Meeting, BM02, 2017, Boston, MA
  • M. A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, “New Paradigms on Materials Synthesis and Additive Manufacturing of Flexible Electronics for Energy Applications” NanoTech 2017, Washington DC, Printed and Flexible Electronics, vol. 4, 2017, pp. 178-181 
  • A. Wagner, A. White, T. A. Stueckle, D. Banerjee, K. A. Sierros, Y. Rojanasakul, R. K. Gupta, C. Z. Dinu, “Early Assessment and Correlations of Nanoclay’s Toxicity to their Physical and Chemical Properties” 31st Annual Meeting of the Allegheny-Erie Society of Toxicology Regional Chapter, May 17-18, 2017, Morgantown, WV
  • J. F. Cordonier, D. Bhattacharayya, M. A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, R. K. Gupta, “Modelling and Validation of a Direct-Write 3D Printed Track” ANTEC 2017, May 8-10, Anaheim, CA
  • D. T. Cipollone, L. O. Grant, M. A. Torres Arango, K.A. Sierros, “Direct Writing of Titanium Dioxide Photoanodes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells” WVU 1st Annual Undergraduate Spring Symposium, April 8, 2017, Morgantown, WV
  • L. O. Grant, D. T. Cipollone, M. A. Torres Arango, K.A. Sierros, “TiO2 Foam for Direct Writing Thin Structures" WVU 1st Annual Undergraduate Spring Symposium, April 8, 2017, Morgantown, WV
  • J. J. Beard, K. A. Sierros, “Additive Manufacturing of Conductive Grids for Flexible Electronics” NASA S.P.A.C.E. Day, April 16th, 2016, Fairmont State University, WV

  • M. A. Torres Arango, K.A. Sierros, “3D Printing of Functional Optoelectronic Materials and Devices at FEST Lab” WV Trans Tech Conference, Oct 26th, 2016, Morgantown, WV

  • L. O. Grant, M. A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, ”Direct Writing of Functional Materials for Use in Flexible Electronics” KY-WV –LSAMP NSF, University of Kentucky, 2016
  • M. A. Torres Arango, A. S. Valenca de Andrade, D. T. Cippolone, L. O. Grant, D. Korakakis, K. A. Sierros, “Continuous-Flow Direct Writing of Hybrid TiO2 Flexible Photo-Electrodes: Processing, Microstructure and Functionality Interrelations” MRS Fall Meeting, PM5, 2016, Boston, MA
  • A. Wagner, A. White, R. Eldawud, S. Agrawal, T. Stueckle, K. A. Sierros, Y. Rojanasakul, R. K. Gupta, C. Z. Dinu, “Material and Toxicity Evaluations of Nanoclays Throughout their Lifecycle” AICHE Annual Meeting, 2016, San Francisco, CA
  • M. A. Torres Arango, D.T. Cipollone, L.O. Grant, K.A. Sierros, D. Korakakis, “TiO2 Based Inks for Directly Written Solar Cells on Flexible Substrates: Electrical and Mechanical Investigation” ICMCTF 2016, April 26, San Diego, CA
  • M . A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, “ Additive Manufacturing of Ag Micro-Patterns for Flexible Energy Devices” 2015 Trans Tech Conference, Nov. 5th, Morgantown, WV
  • J. J. Beard,  A. M. Cokeley, M. A. Torres Arango, K. A. Sierros, “Silver Based Directly Written Electrodes on Compliant Substrates” 12th Undergraduate Research Day at WV Capitol, Feb. 25, 2016
  • M. A. Torres Arango, D. T. Cipollone, L. O. Grant, K. A. Sierros, “Direct Writing of TiO2 Photoanodes for Perovskite/Dye Sensitized Solar Cells” 12th Undergraduate Research Day at WV Capitol, Feb. 25, 2016
  • M. A. Torres Arango, A. S. Valenca de Andrade, D. T. Cipollone, K. A. Sierros. "Direct Writing of UV Curable inks for Solar Cells" Materials Research Society, 2015 MRS Fall Meeting, Symposium BB, November 29-December 4, 2015, Boston, Massachusetts
  • M. A. Torres Arango, A. M. Cokeley, L. O. Grant, K. A. Sierros. "Direct Writing of TiO2-Based Inks for Solar Cells" Materials Research Society, 2015 MRS Fall Meeting, Symposium NN, November 29-December 4, 2015, Boston, Massachusetts
  • A. Salakovich, O. Ozmen, R. Pillai, K. Sabolsky, K. A. Sierros, E. Sabolsky. "Direct Writing of Polymer Precursors to Form High Temperature Ceramic Sensors and Circuits" Summer Undergraduate Research Symposium, WVU, July 23, 2015
  • A. M. Cokeley, M. A. Torres Arango, J. J. Beard, K. A. Sierros. "Optimization of Ag Nanoparticles Yield for Metallic Inks" Summer Undergraduate Research Symposium, WVU, July 23, 2015
  • Z. Wang, K. A. Sierros, D. Korakakis, M. S. Seehra. "Development of Write-Once-Read-Many-Times Storage Device Based on Biodegradable Indigo" 57th Electronic Materials Conference, June 24-26, 2015, Columbus, Ohio
  • Z. Wang, K. L. Pisane, K. A. Sierros, M. S. Seehra, D. Korakakis, "Device Applications and Structural and Optical Properties of Indigo - A Biodegradable, Low-cost Organic Semiconductor" Bulletin of the American Physical Society, APS March Meeting 60(2), March 2-6, San Antonio, Texas
  • L. Chirpas, K. A. Sierros, "Investigation of IZO/PET Under Various Fatigue Loading Patterns" 11th Annual Undergraduate Research Day, March 4, 2015, WV Capitol
  • B. Hindman, Z. Goeckeler, K. Sierros, R. Wysolmerski, "Role of Myosin II isoforms in MDA- MB -231 cell mediated matrix rearrangement" American Society of Cell Biology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia PA, December 6-10, 2014
  • K. Sabolsky, A. Bulbule, S. Cronin, K. A. Sierros, E. M. Sabolsky, "Microwave sintering of ceramic electrolyte nanomaterials" 13th International Ceramics Congress, Montecatini Terme, Italy, June 8-13, 2014
  • S. Ramayanam, C. Stinespring, K. A. Sierros, "Fundamental understanding of small-scale tribological properties of graphene surfaces" Transparent Conducting Materials 2014 International conference, Platanias-Chania, Crete, Greece, October 2014
  • N. J. Morris, L. Chirpas, G. Kiriakidis, K. A. Sierros, "Investigation of indium zinc oxide (IZO) sputtered PET flexible electrodes under various fatigue loading patterns" Transparent Conducting Materials 2014 International conference, Platanias-Chania, Crete, Greece, October 2014
  • Z. Wang, K. Sierros, D. Korakakis, M. S. Seehra, "Indigo - A biodegradable, low-cost organic semiconductor for device applications" 2014 Annual Meeting of the Mid-Atlantic Section of the American Physical Society, Penn State University, University Park, PA, October 3-5, 2014
  • E. M. Sabolsky, E. Ciftyurek, C. Wildfire, K. Sabolsky, J. Taub, K. Sierros, T. H. Evans "Nano-derived microsensors for monitoring gas species in harsh-environments" ECS Transactions, 61, 375-385 (2014)
  • N. J. Morris, S. Cronin,  D. Carden,  J. Cordonier, K. A. Sierros "Flexible touch sensor for haptics" FlexTech 2013, Phoenix AZ, February 2013
  • S. Cronin, K. A. Sierros "Piezotribonics: Towards energy harvesting from tribological processes" Energy Harvesting and Storage USA 2012, Washington DC, November 2012
  • I. Kortidis,  Ch. Karperakis, N. R. Mathe, K. A. Sierros, G. Kiriakidis "UV photocatalytic degradation of ZnO films prepared by aerosol spray pyrolysis of methylene blue and methylene orange dyes" Transparent Conducting Materials 2012, 407, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, October 2012
  • Ch. Zervos, I. Kortidis, K. A. Sierros, G. Kiriakidis "The influence of substrate seed layer on the morphology of nanostructured zinc oxide grown by aqueous solution" Transparent Conducting Materials 2012, 401, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, October 2012
  • N. J. Morris, S. N. Kukureka, G. Kiriakidis, I. Kortidis, D. R. Cairns, K. A. Sierros "Rolling wear and friction response of ZnO patterned films used in energy harvesting device applications" Transparent Conducting Materials 2012, 356, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, October 2012
  • G. Kiriakidis, I. Kortidis, A. J. Kessman, D. R. Cairns, K. A. Sierros "Novel rotational nanogenerators based on piezoelectric ZnO films" Transparent Conducting Materials 2012, 344, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, October 2012
  • N. J. Morris, K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, "Adaptable Tribological Surfaces", Faraday Discussion of Tribology, Royal Society of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, April 2-4, 2012
  • K. A. Sierros, A. J. Kessman, D. R. Cairns, I. Kortidis, K. Moschovis, G. Kiriakidis, "Nanotribological Properties of ZnO for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Devices" E-MRS 2011 Fall Meeting, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland, September 19-23, 2011
  • K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, D. S. Hecht, C. Ladous, R. Lee, C. Niu, "Highly Durable Transparent Carbon Nanotube Films for Flexible Displays and Touch Screens", SID International Symposium, 41, 882-885 (2010)
  • K. A. Sierros,  D. A. Banerjee, D. R. Cairns, R. Bozich, "Durable Solid State Flexible LED Devices" SID International Symposium, 41, 1942-1945 (2010)
  • B. Gnahore, K. A. Sierros, D. R. Cairns, "Predictive Models of Thermal Conductivity for Flexible Aerogel Blanket Materials", Proceedings of International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, 54, 18p (2009)
  • N. J. Morris, K. A. Sierros, K. Ramji, D. R. Cairns, S. N. Kukureka, "Mechanical Assisted Corrosion: An Investigation of Thin Film Components used in Flexible Optoelectronic Applications", SID International Symposium, 39, 1461-1464 (2008)
  • K. Ramji, D. R. Cairns, K. A. Sierros, S. N. Kukureka, "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Patterned Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes for Flexible Displays", SID International Symposium, 38, 1790-1793 (2007)
  • K. A. Sierros, J. S. Abell, S. N. Kukureka, "Biaxial Testing of Thin Functional Structures used in Flexible Display and Touch Screen Applications", Proceeding of the Second Americas Display Engineering and Applications Conference (ADEAC), 292-232 (2005)